The data are expressed in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) which allows the elimination of the differences in price levels that exist between countries and facilitates, therefore, a comparison of the GDP that better reflects the economic capacity of the citizens of each country.
The volume of GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards is expressed in relation to the average of the European Union (EU-28), which takes the value of 100. Thus, if a country’s index is higher than 100, it means that the GDP per capita level of that country is higher than the average value of the European Union, and vice versa.
We analyse how opinions on economic redistribution and social protection
depend not only on family incomes, but also on the wages earned by people
in the immediate social environment.
The duality between temporary and permanent contracts conditions the labour
market in Spain and causes differences in job security and income. What
impact does this have on people’s redistribution preferences?
Why does Spain present income inequality levels higher than the European
average? Differences in income between age groups and the concentration of
capital among the richest groups are some of the causes.
This study provides empirical data on social inclusion policies in Spain,
showing significant impacts on employment, social support, education,
digital skills and housing. The outcomes reinforce the importance of
designing evidence-based public policies.
The cheque bebé was a payment designed to incentivise the birth rate,
however its effect was limited. Although it helped some families to decide,
difficulty in reconciling work and motherhood has continued to be the main
obstacle to having more children.
Work-life balance policies that strengthen job stability can contribute to
increasing fertility by improving compatibility between work and
motherhood, but they also pose challenges for female recruitment.