While the participation of female PhD holders in Portugal is situated above the EU‑27 average in all fields of knowledge considered, in Spain the participation of female PhD holders is situated below the European average in the fields of art, humanities and social sciences.
Lídia Farré, Universitat de Barcelona and IAE-CSIC; Libertad González, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona GSE;
Despite a slight increase in participation by men, this study shows that housework and childcare represented a heavier workload for women during the lockdown.