Barometer
The number of patents per unit of GDP indicates the relative investment in innovation that businesses are making. The total number of patent applications is a proxy of innovative effort, while Patents in Societal Challenges indicates applications in environment- and health-related technologies.
We report the number of patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, at international phase, designating the European Patent Office (EPO). Patent counts are based on the priority date, the inventor’s country of residence and fractional counts. As a proxy of innovation, it is problematic in many sectors (e.g. services, finance, health care, agriculture), and thus affected by a country’s sectoral mix. The unit of GDP is a billion euros, normalized to Purchising Power Standard.
Article
Boys consider that they are more skilled than girls in digital technology and communication fields, whereas girls feel better prepared in ethical and security-related aspects.
Article
Some 17.5% of rural territory is exposed simultaneously to high rates of depopulation and of aridity. This study analyses how some factors for mitigating depopulation can have undesired effects, of both a social and an environmental nature.
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Did inequality exist in the research into the inequalities of covid-19? We analyse it in this comparative study focusing on research production, distribution and collaborations between countries.