While the participation of female PhD holders in Portugal is situated above the EU‑27 average in all fields of knowledge considered, in Spain the participation of female PhD holders is situated below the European average in the fields of art, humanities and social sciences.

While women continue to opt for more socially-oriented courses, this report points out that the occupations most necessary in 2030 will be those linked to the digital economy.

Some 23.1% of Spain’s GDP is assigned to programmes for the care of elderly people, health, unemployment, disability, family, social exclusion and housing.

Some 34.8 of grandparents in Spain regularly care for their grandchildren, a figure much higher than the European average.

Between 2008 and 2018, benefits for the elderly increased, whereas benefits for families did not improve.