Article
Involuntary and dependent self-employment in Spain
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1The incidence of self-employment in Spain, excluding the agricultural sector, was above the European average in 2017 (15% versus 11.9%) and had remained barely unchanged during the previous 10 years.
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2Involuntary self-employment in Spain (21.7% of the self-employed) exceeded the European average (16.9%) in 2017, while economically dependent self-employment, defined as those who rely on only one client, was below the European average (3.6% versus 8.4%).
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3The incidence of involuntary self-employment is higher among younger workers, those with a low level of education, those in the construction sector, and those in low-skilled occupations.
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4Regarding dependent self-employment, there is a higher incidence among males, immigrants, younger workers, low-skilled workers, and those working in the construction sector.
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5In regions with a higher gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, there are fewer self-employed workers, whereas regions with less favourable market conditions show a higher incidence of involuntary and dependent self-employed workers (the most vulnerable categories). In those regions with a strong manufacturing industry, there are more voluntary self-employed workers who are not dependent.
